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Iron Studies (Iron, TIBC, TS %)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Iron 96.12 ug/dl 59 - 158
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Colorimetric assay.
Total Iron Binding Capacity 333 ug/dl 261 - 462
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Iron Saturation/Dye Binding.
Transferrin Saturation 28.86 % 20 - 50

Comments : Iron is an essential trace mineral element which forms an important component of hemoglobin, metallocompounds and Vitamin A. Deficiency of iron,leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia. The toxic effects of iron are deposition of iron in various organs of the body and hemochromatosis. Total Iron Binding capacity (TIBC) is a direct measure of the protein Transferrin which transports iron from the gut to storage sites in the bone marrow. In iron deficiency anemia, serum iron is reduced and TIBC increases. Transferrin Saturation occurs in Idiopathic hemochromatosis and Transfusional hemosiderosis where no unsaturated iron binding capacity is available for iron mobilization. Similar condition is seen in congenital deficiency of Transferrin. Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 1559 pg/mL 191 - 663

• Sample type : Serum. • Method: ECLIA. • Comments : Vitamin B12 performs many important functions in the body, but the most significant function is to act as coenzyme for reducing ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, a step in the formation of genes. Inadequate dietary intake is not the commonest cause for cobalamine deficiency. The most common cause is malabsorption either due to atrophy of gastric mucosa or diseases of terminal ileum. Cobalamine deficiency leads to Megaloblastic anemia and demyelination of large nerve fibres of spinal cord. Normal body stores are sufficient to last for 3-6 years. Sources of Vitamin B12 are liver, shellfish, fish, meat, eggs, milk, cheese & yogurt. • Decreased Levels : 1. Lack of Intrinsic factor: Total or partial gastrectomy, Atrophic gastritis, Intrinsic factor antibodies. 2. Malabsorption: Regional ileitis, resected bowel, Tropical Sprue, Celiac disease, pancreatic insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth & achlorhydria. 3. Loss of ingested vitamin B12: fish tapeworm. 4. Dietary deficiency: Vegetarians. 5. Congenital disorders: Orotic aciduria & transcobalamine deficiency. 6. Increased demand: Pregnancy specially last trimester. • Increased Levels : Chronic renal failure, Congestive heart failure, Acute & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Polycythemia vera, Carcinomas with liver metastasis, Liver disease, Drug induced cholestasis & Protein malnutrition • Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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Thyroid Function Test (TFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

T3 (Triiodothyronine) 1.71 ng/mL 0.8 - 2.0
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.
T4 (Thyroxine) 10.12 ug/dl 5.1 - 14.1
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.
ULTRA Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2.14 uIU/mL 0.270 - 4.20
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.

1) TSH levels are subject to circadian variation, reaching peak levels between 2 - 4.a.m. and at a minimum between 6-10 pm. The variation is of the order of 50% . hence time of the day has influence on the measured serum TSH concentrations. 2) Recommended test for T3 and T4 is unbound fraction or free levels as it is metabolically active. 3) Physiological rise in Total T3 / T4 levels is seen in pregnancy and in patients on steroid therapy. Clinical Use : • Primary Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothalamic – Pituitary hypothyroidism • Inappropriate TSH secretion • Nonthyroidal illness • Autoimmune thyroid disease • Pregnancy associated thyroid disorders. • References : - Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management, 23rd edition. -Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, 7th edition. •Disclaimer: 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling,storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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