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Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Glycosylated Haemoglobin(HBA1C) 8.0 % Non-diabetic adults>=18 years <5.7
At risk (Pre-diabetes) 5.7-6.4
Diagnosing Diabetes >=6.5
Therapeutic goals for glycemic control
Age> 19 years:< 7
For Age< 19 year:< 7.5


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Mean Blood Glucose 182.9 mg/dl
Sample Type : EDTA Whole Blood.
Method : High-performance liquid chromatogrphy.

Interpretations: Since HbA1c reflects long term fluctuations in the blood glucose concentration, a diabetic patient who is recently under good control may still have a high concentration of HbA1c. Converse is true for a diabetic previously under good control but now poorly controlled . Target goals of < 7.0 % may be beneficial in patients with short duration of diabetes, long life expectancy and no significant cardiovascular disease. In patients with significant complications of diabetes, limited life expectancy or extensive co-morbid conditions, targeting a goal of < 7.0 % may not be appropriate. Comments: HbA1c provides an index of average blood glucose levels over the past 8 - 12 weeks and is a much better indicator of long term glycemic control as compared to blood and urinary glucose determinations Disclaimer: The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results. Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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Lipid Profile
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Cholesterol - Total 232.1 mg/dl 0 - 239
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: CHOD-PAP.
Triglycerides 613.7 mg/dl Normal : < 150
Borderline : 150 - 199
High : 200 - 499
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: GPO-PAP/Enzymatic Colorimetric.
Cholesterol HDL Direct 31.8 mg/dl 40 - 60
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: Direct method / Enzymatic colorimetric.
Cholesterol LDL Direct 77.56 mg/dl Optimal: < 100
Near or above optimal: 100 -129
Borderline high : 130 -159
High : 160 -189
Very high : > 190
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: Calculated.
VLDL-Cholesterol 122.74 mg/dl 0 - 30
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: Calculated.
Cholesterol/HDL Ratio 7.3 mg/dl 3.5 - 5
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: Calculated.
Lipid Profile
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

LDL/HDL Ratio 2.44 mg/dl 2.5 - 3.5
• Sample Type: Serum.
• Method: Calculated.

• Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. Clinical Significance: i) Cholesterol Total: Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is essential for building cell membranes and producing certain hormones. Elevated total cholesterol levels can contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. ii) Triglycerides: Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. High triglycerides are often seen in conjunction with other risk factors, such as obesity and insulin resistance. iii) Cholesterol HDL: High Density Lipoprotein: HDL cholesterol is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because higher levels are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. iv) Cholesterol LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein: LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Lowering LDL cholesterol is a primary goal in cardiovascular risk management. v) VLDL-Cholesterol: VLDL cholesterol, or very low density lipoprotein, is a type of cholesterol that can contribute to plaque buildup in arteries and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. vi) Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein Ratio: The cholesterol ratio, often expressed as the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, is a useful measure in assessing cardiovascular risk. This ratio provides additional insights into the balance between "good" and "bad" cholesterol and is considered a valuable tool in predicting the risk of heart disease. vii) LDL/HDL Ratio: The ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to low-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is an important indicator of risk for heart disease and stroke.

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Renal Function Test (KFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Urea 21.4 mg/dL 19 - 49
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Urease & glutamate dehydrogenase.
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) 10 mg/dL 6 - 20
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Creatinine 0.78 mg/dL 0.7 - 1.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Jaffe's Kinetic- Alkaline Picrate.
Uric Acid 4.3 mg/dL 3.4 - 7
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Enzymatic colorimetric,Uricase.
Phosphorus 4.41 mg/dL 2.5 - 4.5
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Phosphomolybdate: End Point.
Alkaline Phosphatase 85 U/L 40 - 129
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : PNP Kinetic.
Sodium 144.9 mmol/L 135 - 145
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Potassium 4.34 mmol/L 3.5 - 5.5
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Renal Function Test (KFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Chloride 99.6 mmol/L 98 - 107
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Protein - Total 7.81 g/dl 6.4 - 8.3
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Biuret.
Albumin 4.45 g/dl 3.5 - 5.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : BCG Colorimetric.
Globulin 3.36 g/dl 2.4 - 4.0
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Albumin/Globulin Ratio 1.32 -- 1.2 - 2.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Renal Function Test (KFT)

• Disclaimer: 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. • Clinical Significance: i) Sodium: A serum sodium test, also known as a blood sodium test, measures the concentration of sodium in the liquid portion of the blood (serum). Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a key role in maintaining the balance of fluids in and around cells. It is critical for proper nerve and muscle function, including the functioning of the heart. ii) Potassium: A serum potassium test is a blood test that measures the level of potassium in the liquid portion of the blood (serum). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. It is also vital for proper nerve and muscle function, including the heart muscle. iii) Chloride: The serum chloride test is a blood test that measures the amount of chloride in your blood. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps regulate the balance of fluids and ions in and out of cells. It is often measured along with other electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. It aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions, such as dehydration, kidney diseases, and acid-base imbalances. iv) Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product that forms when creatine, which is found in muscle, breaks down. The kidneys filter creatinine from the blood, and it is excreted from the body through urine. Creatinine levels in the blood are a key indicator of kidney function. v) BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when the body breaks down proteins. Elevated BUN levels may suggest impaired kidney function, as the kidneys may not be effectively clearing urea from the bloodstream. vi) Urea: Urea is a critical biochemical parameter and its levels in the body are significant for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. It is the end product of protein metabolism, synthesized in the liver from ammonia and excreted primarily by the kidneys. vii) Uric Acid: Uric acid is a waste product formed from the metabolism of purines, which are found in certain foods and are part of the bodys cells. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys, with a small amount eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormal levels of uric acid in the blood or urine are clinically significant in diagnosing and managing various conditions. viii) Phosphorus: Phosphorus is a critical mineral in the body, primarily present as phosphate, and plays an essential role in multiple physiological processes, including energy metabolism, bone health, and cellular function. Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the blood (hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia) are associated with various clinical conditions. ix) Alkaline phosphatase: Alkaline Phosphatase is present in the liver, bile ducts, and bone. Elevated levels may indicate liver or bone disorders. In the liver, increased Alkaline Phosphatase may be associated with conditions such as obstructive jaundice or liver tumors. x) Total protein: Total protein includes albumin and other proteins in the blood. Abnormal levels may indicate liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or inflammation. xi) Albumin: Serum albumin is a protein produced by the liver and found in the blood. It serves various functions in the body, and its levels are often measured as part of routine blood tests. The clinical significance of serum albumin lies in its role as a marker of nutritional status, liver function, and overall health. xii) Globulin: Serum globulin is a term used to describe the total amount of globulin proteins in the blood. Globulins are one of the two main types of proteins found in blood plasma, the other being albumin. Globulins consist of various subclasses, including alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, each with specific functions. The clinical significance of serum globulin levels lies in their association with various health conditions and their role in immune function.

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