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Prolactin (PRL)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Prolactin (PRL) 21.26 ng/mL 6.0 - 29.9

• Sample Type: Serum. • Method : ECLIA. • Comments : PRL is a polypeptide produced by the lactotrophs of the pituitary gland. Since prolactin is secreted in a pulsatile manner and is also influenced by a variety of physiologic stimuli, it is recommended to test 3 specimens at 20-30 minute intervals after pooling. Major circulating form of Prolactin is a nonglycosylated monomer, but several forms of Prolactin linked with immunoglobulin occur which can give falsely high Prolactin results. Macroprolactin assay is recommended if prolactin levels are elevated, but signs and symptoms of hyperprolactinemia are absent or pituitary imaging studies are normal • Clinical Use : 1.Diagnosis & management of pituitary adenomas. 2.Differential diagnosis of male & female hypogonadism increased levels. 3.Physiologic:-Sleep, stress, postprandially, pain, coitus, pregnancy, nipple stimulation or nursing. 4.Systemic disorders:-Chest wall or thoracic spinal cord lesions, Primary/Secondary hypothyroidism, Adrenal insufficiency, Chronic renal failure, Cirrhosis 5.Medications:-Psychiatric medications like Phenothiazine, Haloperidol, Risperidone, Domperidone, Fluoexetine, Amitriptylene, MAO inhibitors etc., Antihypertensives: Alphamethyldopa, Reserpine, Verapamil Opiates: Heroin, Methadone, Morphine, Apomorphine Estrogens Oral contraceptives Cimetidine / Ranitidine 6.Prolactin secreting pituitary tumors:-Prolactinoma, Acromegaly 7.Miscellaneous:-Polycystic ovarian disease, Epileptic seizures, 8.Ectopic secretion of prolactin by non-pituitary tumors, pressure / transaction of pituitary stalk, macroprolactinemia 9.Idiopathic Decreased levels:-Pituitary deficiency (Pituitary necrosis / infarction), Bromocriptine administration, Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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Insulin (Fasting)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Insulin (Fasting) 19.18 uIU/mL 2 - 25

• Sample Type : Serum. • Method: ECLIA. • Note : 1A single random blood sample for insulin may provide insufficient information due to wide variation in the time responses of insulin levels and blood glucose. Stimulation of insulin secretion may be caused by many factors like hyperglycemia, glucagon, amino acids, growth hormone and catecholamines. Interference in insulin assay is seen due to insulin antibodies which develop in patients treated with bovine or porcine insulin. • Clinical Utility : 1. Evaluation of fasting hypoglycemia. 2. Evaluation of Polycystic Ovary syndrome. 3. Classification of Diabetes mellitus. 4. Predict Diabetes mellitus. 5. Assessment of Beta cell activity. 6. Select optimal therapy for Diabetes. 7. Investigation of insulin resistance. 8. Predict the development of Coronary Artery Disease. • Increased Levels : Insulinoma, Some Type II diabetic patients, Infantile hypoglycemia, Hyperinsulinism, Obesity, Cushing’s syndrome, Oral contraceptives, Acromegaly, Hyperthyroidism. • Decreased Levels : Untreated Type I Diabetes mellitus. Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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Thyroid Function Test (TFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

T3 (Triiodothyronine) 1.31 ng/mL 0.8 - 2.0
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.
T4 (Thyroxine) 11.55 ug/dl 5.1 - 14.1
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.
ULTRA Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 1.82 uIU/mL 0.27 - 4.2
Frist trimester: 0.3- 4.5
Second trimester : 0.5 -4.6
Third trimester : 0.8 -5.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ECLIA.

1) TSH levels are subject to circadian variation, reaching peak levels between 2 - 4.a.m. and at a minimum between 6-10 pm. The variation is of the order of 50% . hence time of the day has influence on the measured serum TSH concentrations. 2) Recommended test for T3 and T4 is unbound fraction or free levels as it is metabolically active. 3) Physiological rise in Total T3 / T4 levels is seen in pregnancy and in patients on steroid therapy. Clinical Use : • Primary Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothalamic – Pituitary hypothyroidism • Inappropriate TSH secretion • Nonthyroidal illness • Autoimmune thyroid disease • Pregnancy associated thyroid disorders. • References : - Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management, 23rd edition. -Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, 7th edition. •Disclaimer: 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling,storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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