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Renal Function Test (KFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Urea 9.6 mg/dL 19 - 49
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Urease & glutamate dehydrogenase.
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) 4.49 mg/dL 6 - 20
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Creatinine 0.83 mg/dL 0.7 - 1.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Jaffe's Kinetic- Alkaline Picrate.
Uric Acid 6.1 mg/dL 3.4 - 7
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Enzymatic colorimetric,Uricase.
Phosphorus 3.55 mg/dL 2.5 - 4.5
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Phosphomolybdate: End Point.
Alkaline Phosphatase 61 U/L 40 - 129
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : PNP Kinetic.
Sodium 143.6 mmol/L 135 - 145
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Potassium 4.35 mmol/L 3.5 - 5.5
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Renal Function Test (KFT)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Chloride 100.9 mmol/L 98 - 107
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : ISE Direct.
Protein - Total 8.08 g/dl 6.4 - 8.3
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Biuret.
Albumin 4.75 g/dl 3.5 - 5.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : BCG Colorimetric.
Globulin 3.33 g/dl 2.5 - 3.5
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Albumin/Globulin Ratio 1.43 -- 1.2 - 2.2
• Sample Type : Serum.
• Method : Calculated.
Renal Function Test (KFT)

• Disclaimer: 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. • Clinical Significance: i) Sodium: A serum sodium test, also known as a blood sodium test, measures the concentration of sodium in the liquid portion of the blood (serum). Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a key role in maintaining the balance of fluids in and around cells. It is critical for proper nerve and muscle function, including the functioning of the heart. ii) Potassium: A serum potassium test is a blood test that measures the level of potassium in the liquid portion of the blood (serum). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. It is also vital for proper nerve and muscle function, including the heart muscle. iii) Chloride: The serum chloride test is a blood test that measures the amount of chloride in your blood. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps regulate the balance of fluids and ions in and out of cells. It is often measured along with other electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. It aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions, such as dehydration, kidney diseases, and acid-base imbalances. iv) Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product that forms when creatine, which is found in muscle, breaks down. The kidneys filter creatinine from the blood, and it is excreted from the body through urine. Creatinine levels in the blood are a key indicator of kidney function. v) BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when the body breaks down proteins. Elevated BUN levels may suggest impaired kidney function, as the kidneys may not be effectively clearing urea from the bloodstream. vi) Urea: Urea is a critical biochemical parameter and its levels in the body are significant for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. It is the end product of protein metabolism, synthesized in the liver from ammonia and excreted primarily by the kidneys. vii) Uric Acid: Uric acid is a waste product formed from the metabolism of purines, which are found in certain foods and are part of the bodys cells. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys, with a small amount eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormal levels of uric acid in the blood or urine are clinically significant in diagnosing and managing various conditions. viii) Phosphorus: Phosphorus is a critical mineral in the body, primarily present as phosphate, and plays an essential role in multiple physiological processes, including energy metabolism, bone health, and cellular function. Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the blood (hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia) are associated with various clinical conditions. ix) Alkaline phosphatase: Alkaline Phosphatase is present in the liver, bile ducts, and bone. Elevated levels may indicate liver or bone disorders. In the liver, increased Alkaline Phosphatase may be associated with conditions such as obstructive jaundice or liver tumors. x) Total protein: Total protein includes albumin and other proteins in the blood. Abnormal levels may indicate liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or inflammation. xi) Albumin: Serum albumin is a protein produced by the liver and found in the blood. It serves various functions in the body, and its levels are often measured as part of routine blood tests. The clinical significance of serum albumin lies in its role as a marker of nutritional status, liver function, and overall health. xii) Globulin: Serum globulin is a term used to describe the total amount of globulin proteins in the blood. Globulins are one of the two main types of proteins found in blood plasma, the other being albumin. Globulins consist of various subclasses, including alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, each with specific functions. The clinical significance of serum globulin levels lies in their association with various health conditions and their role in immune function.

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Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 225.6 pg/mL 191 - 663

• Sample type : Serum. • Method: ECLIA. • Comments : Vitamin B12 performs many important functions in the body, but the most significant function is to act as coenzyme for reducing ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, a step in the formation of genes. Inadequate dietary intake is not the commonest cause for cobalamine deficiency. The most common cause is malabsorption either due to atrophy of gastric mucosa or diseases of terminal ileum. Cobalamine deficiency leads to Megaloblastic anemia and demyelination of large nerve fibres of spinal cord. Normal body stores are sufficient to last for 3-6 years. Sources of Vitamin B12 are liver, shellfish, fish, meat, eggs, milk, cheese & yogurt. • Decreased Levels : 1. Lack of Intrinsic factor: Total or partial gastrectomy, Atrophic gastritis, Intrinsic factor antibodies. 2. Malabsorption: Regional ileitis, resected bowel, Tropical Sprue, Celiac disease, pancreatic insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth & achlorhydria. 3. Loss of ingested vitamin B12: fish tapeworm. 4. Dietary deficiency: Vegetarians. 5. Congenital disorders: Orotic aciduria & transcobalamine deficiency. 6. Increased demand: Pregnancy specially last trimester. • Increased Levels : Chronic renal failure, Congestive heart failure, Acute & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Polycythemia vera, Carcinomas with liver metastasis, Liver disease, Drug induced cholestasis & Protein malnutrition • Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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Vitamin D Total - 25 Hydroxy
Investigation Result Units Biological Reference Interval

25-OH Vitamin D 23.62 ng/mL Deficiency-<20
Insufficiency-20-<30
Sufficiency-30-100

• Sample type : Serum. • Method : ECLIA. Interpretation : Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin and exists in two main forms as cholecalciferol(vitamin D3) which is synthesized in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol in response to sunlight exposure & Ergocalciferol(vitamin D2) present mainly in dietary sources.Both cholecalciferol & Ergocalciferol are converted to 25(OH)vitamin D in liver. Testing for 25(OH)vitamin D is recommended as it is the best indicator of vitamin D nutritional status as obtained from sunlight exposure & dietary intake. For diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency it is recommended to have clinical correlation with serum 25(OH)vitamin D, serum calcium, serum PTH & serum alkaline phosphatase. During monitoring of oral vitamin D therapy- suggested testing of serum 25(OH)vitamin D is after 12 weeks or 3 mths of treatment. However, the required dosage of vitamin D supplements & time to achieve sufficient vitamin D levels show significant seasonal(especially winter) & individual variability depending on age, body fat, sun exposure, physical activity ,genetic factors(especially variable vitamin D receptor responses), associated liver or renal disease, malabsorption syndromes and calcium or magnesium deficiency influencing the vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D toxicity is known but very rare. Disclaimer : 1) The above result relate only to the specimens received and tested in laboratory and should be always correlate with clinical findings and other laboratory markers. 2) Improper specimen collection, handling, storage and transportation may result in false negative/Positive results.

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